Longitudinal waves are oscillations in which the particle vibrates parallel to the direction of wave propagation. Examples of longitudinal waves are sound waves and ultrasound.
In the figure above, disturbance to the spring in the horizontal plane results in its motion parallel to the direction of disturbance. In (c), as the body of the spring transfers the energy applied from the hand, the waves propagation splits the spring into alternative areas of compression (lesser displacement by a fixed number of coils) and rarefaction (higher displacement by the same, fixed number of coils).
Similarly, sound waves occur when the atmospheric particles are alternatively compressed and stretched.
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